Evidence for behavioral attractiveness of methoxylated aromatics in a dynastid scarab beetle-pollinated araceae.

Many plants attract their pollinators with floral scents, and these olfactory signals are especially important at night, when visual signals become inefficient. Dynastid scarab beetles are a speciose group of night-active pollinators, and several plants pollinated by these insects have methoxylated aromatic compounds in their scents. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge regarding the compounds responsible for beetle attraction. We used chemical analytical analyses to determine temporal patterns of scent emission and the composition of scent released from inflorescences of Philodendron selloum. The attractiveness of the main components in the scent to the dynastid scarab beetle Erioscelis emarginata, the exclusive pollinator of this plant, was assessed in field biotests. The amount of scent increased rapidly in the evening, and large amounts of scent were released during the activity time of the beetle pollinators. Inflorescences emitted a high number of compounds of different biosynthetic origin, among them both uncommon and also widespread flower scents. Methoxylated aromatic compounds dominated the scent, and 4-methoxystyrene, the most abundant compound, attracted E. emarginata beetles. Other compounds, such as (Z)-jasmone and possibly also the methoxylated aromatic compound 3,4-dimethoxystyrene increased the attractiveness of 4-methoxystyrene. Methoxylated aromatics, which are known from other dynastid pollinated plants as well, are important signals in many scarab beetles in a different context (e.g., pheromones), thus suggesting that these plants exploit pre-existing preferences of the beetles for attracting this group of insects as pollinators.

The key role of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole in the attraction of scarab beetle pollinators: a unique olfactory floral signal shared by Annonaceae and Araceae.

Cyclocephaline scarabs are specialised scent-driven pollinators, implicated with the reproductive success of several Neotropical plant taxa. Night-blooming flowers pollinated by these beetles are thermogenic and release intense fragrances synchronized to pollinator activity. However, data on floral scent composition within such mutualistic interactions are scarce, and the identity of behaviorally active compounds involved is largely unknown. We performed GC-MS analyses of floral scents of four species of Annona (magnoliids, Annonaceae) and Caladium bicolor (monocots, Araceae), and demonstrated the chemical basis for the attraction of their effective pollinators. 4-Methyl-5-vinylthiazole, a nitrogen and sulphur-containing heterocyclic compound previously unreported in flowers, was found as a prominent constituent in all studied species. Field biotests confirmed that it is highly attractive to both male and female beetles of three species of the genus Cyclocephala, pollinators of the studied plant taxa. The origin of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole in plants might be associated with the metabolism of thiamine (vitamin B1), and we hypothesize that the presence of this compound in unrelated lineages of angiosperms is either linked to selective expression of a plesiomorphic biosynthetic pathway or to parallel evolution.

A polinização e sua relação com a termogênese em espécies de Arecaceae e Annonaceae da Amazônia Central

The present study is a comparison of the flower biology and pollination of some thermogenic species of palms and Annonaceae. In the palms eleven representatives of the genera Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bactris, and Oenocarpus, and in the Annonaceae nine representatives of the genera Anaxagorea, Duguetia, and Xylopia were studied in the region of Manaus (AM). All the studied palm species are monoecious and the anthesis of their inflorescences occurs at night during a period which varies from two days to five weeks. The investigated species of the Annonaceae are protogynous with the anthesis of a single flower lasting for two days and occurring at night or during the day. Flower visiting insects are attracted by strong odours which are intensified through thermogenesis. The species-specific odours range from fruit-like to unpleasant and pungent. Most of the flower visiting insects are beetles of the families Scarabaeidae, Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae, and Chrysomelidae, and additionally thrips and drosophilid flies. Further insects which visit the flowers are bees, wasps, ants, and other fly groups. However, palms and Annonaceae with thermogenic flowers most frequently showed beetle pollination. It is notable that flowers of some species of both families were visited bythe same families and even species of beetles, which might be due to similar morphological and physiological adaptations of the flowers, including production of similar odour components.

O presente estudo compara a biologia floral e polinização de espécies de palmeiras e anonáceas que apresentam termogênese. Nos arredores de Manaus (AM) foram estudadas onze espécies de palmeiras pertencentes aos gêneros Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bactris e Oenocarpus e nove espécies de anonáceas dos gêneros Anaxagorea, Duguetia e Xylopia. As palmeiras que apresentam termogênese são monóicas e a antese das inflorescências ocorre em períodos que variam de dois dias até cinco semanas, sempre no período noturno. As flores das espécies de anonáceas são protogínicas com a antese ocorrendo entre dois dias, podendo ser diurna ou noturna. Nos representantes das duas famílias os insetos visitantes são atraídos pelo odor emitido pelas flores que é intensificado através da termogênese. Os odores podem ser agradáveis semelhante ao de frutos maduros ou desagradáveis e pungentes. Os insetos visitantes em sua maioria são coleópteros das famílias Scarabaeidae, Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae e Chrysomelidae, trips e moscas Drosophilidae. Além desses, as flores das palmeiras são visitadas por abelhas, vespas, formigas e moscas. Na área estudada, a polinização por coleópteros foi o modo mais freqüente das espécies de palmeiras e anonáceas com termogênese. É notável que algumas espécies das duas famílias são visitadas pelas mesmas famílias, e inclusive espécies de coleópteros. Supõe-se que adaptações morfológicas e fisiológicas similares na biologia floral das duas famílias, inclusive dos componentes odoríferos sejam responsáveis por essa atração.